• Original source: Statement of Scholars in Holocaust and Genocide Studies on Mass Violence in Israel and Palestine since 7 October, with an introduction (not published above) by Raz Segal, Contending Modernities journal based at the University of Notre Dame’s Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies (9 December 2023). All links in the article were (gratefully) assembled by Professor Segal.
• Reference: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948)

We, scholars of the Holocaust, genocide, and mass violence, feel compelled to warn of the danger of genocide in Israel’s attack on Gaza. We also note that, should the Israeli attack continue and escalate, Palestinians under Israeli military occupation in the West Bank and East Jerusalem and Palestinian citizens of Israel face grave danger as well.

We are deeply saddened and concerned by the mass murder of over 1,200 Israelis and migrant workers by Hamas, the Islamic Jihad, and others on 7 October, with more than 830 civilians among them. We also note the evidence of gender-based and sexual violence during the attack, the wounding of thousands of Israelis, the destruction of Israeli kibbutzim and towns, and the abduction of more than 240 hostages into the Gaza Strip. These acts constitute war crimes and crimes against humanity. We recognize that violence in Israel and Palestine did not begin on 7 October. If we are to try to understand the mass murder of 7 October, we should place it within the context of Israeli settler colonialism, Israeli military occupation violence against Palestinians since 1967, the sixteen-year siege on the Gaza Strip since 2007, and the rise to power in Israel in the last year of a government made up of politicians who speak proudly about Jewish supremacy and exclusionary nationalism. Explaining is not justifying, and this context in no way excuses the targeting of Israeli civilians and migrant workers by Palestinians on 7 October.

We are also deeply saddened and concerned by the Israeli attack on Gaza in response to the Hamas attack. Israel’s assault has caused death and destruction on an unprecedented level, according to a New York Times article on 26 November. In two months, the Israeli assault has killed more than 16,000 Palestinians (with thousands more buried under the rubble)—nearly half of them children and youth, with a Palestinian child killed every ten minutes on average before the ceasefire—and wounded over 40,000. Considering that the total population of Gaza stands at 2.3 million people, the killing rate so far is about 0.7 percent in less than two months. The killing rate of civilians in Russia’s bombing and invasion of Ukraine in the areas most affected by the violence are probably similar—but over a longer period of time. A number of experts have therefore described Israel’s attack on Gaza as the most intense and deadliest of its kind since World War II, but while Russia’s attack on Ukraine has, for very good reason, prompted western leaders to support the people under attack, the same western leaders now support the violence of the Israeli state rather than the Palestinians under attack.

Israel has also forcibly displaced more than 1.8 million Palestinians within the Gaza Strip, while destroying almost half of all buildings and leaving the northern part of the Strip an “uninhabitable moonscape.” Indeed, the Israeli army has dropped more than 25,000 tons of explosives on Gaza since 7 October, which is equivalent to two Hiroshima bombs, and according to Human Rights Watch, deployed white phosphorous bombs. It has systematically targeted hospitals, schools, universities, mosques, churches, bakeries, and agricultural fields. The state has also killed many essential professionals, including more than 220 healthcare workers, over 100 UN personnel, and dozens of journalists. The forced displacement has, furthermore, created in the southern part of the Strip severe overcrowding, with the risk of outbreak of infectious diseases, exacerbated by shortages of food, clean water, fuel, and medical supplies, due to Israel’s “total siege” measures since 7 October.

The unprecedented level of destruction and killing points to large-scale war crimes in Israel’s attack on Gaza. There is also evidence of a “widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack” that the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court defines as a crime against humanity. Moreover, dozens of statements of Israeli leaders, ministers in the war cabinet, and senior army officers since 7 October—that is, people with command authority—suggest an “intent to destroy” Palestinians “as such,” in the language of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The statements include depictions of all Palestinians in Gaza as responsible for the Hamas attack on 7 October and therefore legitimate military targets, as expressed by Israeli President Herzog on 13 October and by Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu when he invoked, on 29 October, the Biblical story of the total destruction of Amalek by the Israelites, just as Israel began its ground invasion. Casting an entire civilian population as enemies marks the history of modern genocide, with the Armenian genocide (1915-1918) and the Rwanda genocide (1994) as well-known examples. The statements also include dehumanizing language, such as Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant’s reference to “human animals” when he proclaimed “total siege” on Gaza on 9 October. The slippage between seeing Hamas as “human animals” to seeing all Palestinians in Gaza in this way is evident in what Israeli Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories Maj. Gen. Ghassan Alian promised to people in Gaza the next day: “Hamas has turned into ISIS, and the residents of Gaza, instead of being appalled, are celebrating. … Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water [in Gaza], there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell.”

These expressions of intent need to be understood also in relation to the widespread incitement to genocide in Israeli media since 7 October. Israeli journalist David Mizrachi Wertheim, for instance, wrote on social media on 7 October that “If all the captives are not returned immediately, then turn the [Gaza] Strip into a slaughterhouse. If a hair falls from their head – execute security prisoners. Violate all norms on the way to victory.” He also added, “we are facing human animals.” Four days later, another Israeli journalist, Roy Sharon, commented on social media “that if, in order to finally eliminate the military capabilities of Hamas, including Sinwar and Deif, we need a million bodies, then let there be a million bodies.” Annihilatory language now also appears in public spaces, such as banners on bridges in Tel Aviv that call “to annihilate Gaza” and explain that “the picture of triumph is 0 people in Gaza.” There are dozens of examples of incitement in Israeli media, which recalls the incitement to genocide in Rwanda as genocide was unfolding there in 1994.

This incitement points to the grave danger that Palestinians everywhere under Israeli rule now face. Israeli army and settler violence in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem, which has intensified markedly from the beginning of 2023, has entered a new stage of brutality after 7 October. Sixteen Palestinian communities—over a thousand people—have been forcibly displaced in their entirety, continuing the policy of “ethnic cleansing” in Area C that comprises 60 percent of the West Bank. Israeli soldiers and settlers have furthermore killed more than 220 Palestinians in the West Bank since 7 October, while arresting thousands. The violence against Palestinians also includes acts of torture.

Palestinian citizens of Israel—almost 2 million people—are also facing a state assault against them, with hundreds of arrests since 7 October for any expression of identification with Palestinians in Gaza. There is widespread intimidation and silencing of Palestinian students, faculty, and staff in Israeli universities, and the Israeli Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai threatened to expel to Gaza Israeli Palestinians identifying with Palestinians in Gaza. These alarming developments and measures build on a view of Palestinian citizens of Israel as potential enemies that stretches back to the military rule imposed on the 156,000 Palestinians who survived the Nakba and remained within the territory that became Israel in 1948. This iteration of military rule lasted until 1966, but the image of Israeli Palestinians as a threat has persisted. In May 2021, as many Israeli Palestinians came out to protest an attack on Palestinians in East Jerusalem and another attack on Gaza, the Israeli police responded with massive repression and violence, arresting hundreds. The situation deteriorated quickly, as Jewish and Palestinian citizens clashed across Israel—in some places, as in Haifa, with Jewish citizens attacking Palestinian citizens on the streets and breaking into houses of Palestinian citizens. And now, Itamar Ben-Gvir, the far-right settler who serves as Israeli minister of national security, has put Israeli Palestinians in even more danger by the distribution of thousands of weapons to Israeli civilians who have formed hundreds of self-defense units after 7 October.

The escalating violence against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank and the exclusion and violence against Palestinian citizens of Israel are particularly worrying in the context of calls in Israel after 7 October for a “second Nakba.” The reference is to the massacres and “ethnic cleansing” of more than 750,000 Palestinians and the destruction of hundreds of villages and towns by Israeli forces in the 1948 war, when Israel was established. The language that member of the Israeli Knesset (parliament) Ariel Kallner from the ruling Likud party used in a social media post on 7 October is instructive: “Nakba to the enemy now. … Now, only one goal: Nakba! Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 1948. Nakba in Gaza and Nakba to whoever dares to join [them].” We know that genocide is a process, and we recognize that the stage is thus set for violence more severe than the Nakba and not spatially limited to Gaza.

Thus, the time for concerted action to prevent genocide is now. We call on governments to uphold their legal obligations under the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide to intervene and prevent genocide (Article 1) by (1) implementing an arms embargo on Israel; (2) working to end Israel’s military assault on Gaza; (3) pressuring the Israeli government to stop immediately the intensifying army and settler violence against Palestinians in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, which constitute clear violations of international law; (4) demanding the continued release of all hostages held in Gaza and all Palestinians imprisoned unlawfully in Israel, without charges or trial; (5) calling on the International Criminal Court to investigate and issue arrest warrants against all perpetrators of mass violence on 7 October and since then, both Palestinians and Israelis; and (6) initiating a political process in Israel and Palestine based on a truthful reckoning with Israeli mass violence against Palestinians since the 1948 Nakba and a future that will guarantee the equality, freedom, dignity, and security of all the people who live between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.

We also call on businesses and labor unions to ensure that they do not aid and abet Israeli mass violence, but rather follow the example of workers in Belgium transport unions who refused in late October to handle flights that ship arms to Israel.

Finally, we call on scholars, programs, centers, and institutes in Holocaust and Genocide Studies to take a clear stance against Israeli mass violence and join us in efforts to stop it and prevent its further escalation.

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• Mohamed Adhikari, University of Cape Town
• Taner Akçam, Director, Armenian Genocide Research Program, The Promise Armenian Institute, UCLA
• Ayhan Aktar, Professor of Sociology (Retired), Istanbul Bilgi University
• Yassin Al Haj Saleh, Syrian Writer, Berlin
• Sebouh David Aslanian, Professor of History and Richard Hovannisian Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History, UCLA
• Karyn Ball, Professor of English and Film Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton
• Haim Bresheeth-Žabner, Professorial Research Associate, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
• Cathie Carmichael, Professor Emerita, School of History, University of East Anglia
• Daniele Conversi, Professor, Department of Contemporary History, University of the Basque Country
• Catherine Coquio, Professeure de littérature comparée à Université Paris Cité, France
• John Cox, Associate Professor of History and Global Studies and Director of the Center for Holocaust, Genocide, and Human Rights Studies, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
• Martin Crook, Senior Lecturer in Sociology, University of the West of England
• Ann Curthoys, Honorary Professor, School of Humanities, The University of Sydney
• Sarah K. Danielsson, Professor of History, Queensborough, CUNY
• John Docker, Sydney, Australia
• John Duncan, affiliated with the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London
• Didier Fassin, Professor at the Collège de France and the Institute for Advanced Study
• Joanne Smith Finley, Reader in Chinese Studies, Newcastle University, UK
• Shannon Fyfe, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, George Mason University; Faculty Fellow, Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy
• William Gallois, Professor of the Islamic Mediterranean, University of Exeter
• Fatma Muge Gocek, Professor of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
• Svenja Goltermann, Professor of Modern History, University of Zurich
• Andrei Gómez-Suarez, Senior Research Fellow, Centre of Religion, Reconciliation and Peace, University of Winchester
• Penny Green, Professor of Law and Globalisation and Director of the International State Crime Initiative, Queen Mary University of London
• John-Paul Himka, Professor Emeritus, University of Alberta
• Marianne Hirschberg, Professor, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Kassel, Germany
• Anna Holian, Associate Professor, School of Historical, Philosophical & Religious Studies, Arizona State University
• Rachel Ibreck, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, Department of Politics and International Relations, Goldsmiths, University of London
• Adam Jones, Professor, Political Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan
• Rachel Killean, Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney Law School
• Brian Klug, Hon. Fellow in Social Philosophy, Campion Hall, University of Oxford, and Hon. Fellow, Parkes Institute for the Study of Jewish/non-Jewish Relations, University of Southampton
• Mill Lake, Associate Professor, International Relations Department, London School of Economics
• Mark Levene, Emeritus Fellow, University of Southampton
• Yosefa Loshitzky, Professorial Research Associate, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
• Thomas MacManus, Senior Lecturer in State Crime, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London
• Zachariah Mampilly, Professor, Baruch College and the Graduate Center, CUNY
• Benjamin Meiches, Associate Professor of Security Studies and Conflict Resolution, University of Washington-Tacoma
• Dirk Moses, Professor of International Relations, City College of New York, CUNY
• Eva Nanopoulos, Senior Lecturer in Law, Queen Mary University of London
• Jeffrey Ostler, Professor of History Emeritus, University of Oregon
• Thomas Earl Porter, Professor of History, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC
• Michael Rothberg, Professor of English, Comparative Literature, and Holocaust Studies, UCLA
• Colin Samson, Professor of Sociology, University of Essex
• Victoria Sanford, Lehman Professor of Excellence, Lehman College and the Graduate Center, CUNY
• Raz Segal, Associate Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies and Endowed Professor in the Study of Modern Genocide, Stockton University
• Elyse Semerdjian, Robert Aram and Marianne Kaloosdian and Stephen and Marian Mugar Chair of Armenian Genocide Studies, Clark University
• Martin Shaw, University of Sussex/Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals
• Damien Short, Co-Director of the Human Rights Consortium and Professor of Human Rights and Environmental Justice at the School of Advanced Study, University of London
• Ronald Grigor Suny, William H. Sewell, Jr. Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of History and Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of Michigan
• Adam Sutcliffe, Professor of European History, King’s College London
• Barry Trachtenberg, Rubin Presidential Chair of Jewish History, Wake Forest University
• Enzo Traverso, Professor in the Humanities, Cornell University
• Jeremy Varon, Professor of History, The New School, New York
• Ernesto Verdeja, Associate Professor of Peace Studies and Global Politics, University of Notre Dame
• Johanna Ray Vollhardt, Associate Professor of Psychology, Clark University
• Pauline Wakeham, Associate Professor, Department of English, Western University (Canada)
• Keith David Watenpaugh, Professor and Director, Human Rights Studies, University of California, Davis
• Louise Wise, Lecturer in International Security, University of Sussex
• Andrew Woolford, Professor of Sociology and Criminology, University of Manitoba
• Ran Zwigenberg, Associate Professor of Asian Studies, History, and Jewish Studies, Pennsylvania State University

Sources and links

• Original source: Statement of Scholars in Holocaust and Genocide Studies on Mass Violence in Israel and Palestine since 7 October, with an introduction (not published above) by Raz Segal, Contending Modernities journal based at the University of Notre Dame’s Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies (9 December 2023). All links in the article were (gratefully) assembled by Professor Segal.
• Reference: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948)